This amoeba is a cheater

High relatedness maintains multicellular cooperation in a social amoeba by controlling cheater mutants.

The control of cheating is important for understanding major transitions in evolution, from the simplest genes to the most complex societies. Cooperative systems can be ruined if cheaters that lower group productivity are able to spread. Kin-selection theory predicts that high genetic relatedness can limit cheating, because separation of cheaters and cooperators limits opportunities to cheat an...

Posterior Vertebral Injury; Is This a Burst Fracture or a Flexion-Distraction Injury?

In thoracolumbar spinal fractures with posterior column injury for applying proper management, it is important to distinguish a flexion-distraction injury (FDI) from a three column burst fracture (BF) as in clinical examination, both may have a similar significant tenderness on direct spinal palpation. Careful attention to the comprehensive clinical examination and detailed imaging features are...

A critical study on commentaries of : He said: This is a right way with Me

On the forty first verse of the chapter Hijr no acceptable commentary has given so far. The verse can be regarded as one opposed to the diversity of commentators` views. The origin of the diversity of the two groups, Shiite and Sunni, has been known to be the meaning of This and with Me. The paper has critically given four ways of reading the verse firstly and then studied commentator`s four vi...

3 Cheater ’ s homotopy

CMPSc is a C++ program for homotopy continuation methods to find all isolated solutions of a system of polynomial equations. The numerical methods for solving polynomial systems employed in CMPSc are equivalent to the ones used in a matlab program CMPSm. The focus of CMPSc is on implementation of the cheater’s homotopy. The software CMPSc, this manual and some numerical examples are available a...

This is dedicated to our former chairman Dr. Mahmoud Rohani